References...the benefits of cycling

this page can be viewed online here http://www.diabeticretinopathy.org.uk/birmingham/references.htm
Cycling network TheCycling network & model proposal is based on ‘Cycling in Towns and Cities', European Union,  http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/cycling/cycling_en.pdf
  Cycling and social exclusion:  increasing cycling rates can be implemented and does improve social exclusion
  The WHO advises similarly Healthy Cities and urban governance but is ignored here in Birmingham.
  See A Physically Active Life Through Every Day Transport
  Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: systematic review BMJ 2004
Diabetes Diabetes is increasing at 10% year (many similar references) http://www.rcn.org.uk/news/congress2002/congressitems/diabetes.php
   
Obesity Obesity costs account for about ~9% of health care costs (causing diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, cancer etc) http://www.idfa.org.uk/publications/HOC_obesity.pdf & http://my.webmd.com/content/article/64/72524.htm
  Obesity is increasing at 70%/decade =17% in 2015 (http://www.healthaffairs.org/press/mayjune0302.htm)
   
Slow Traffic Speed Increases Physical Activity http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
   
Commuting physical activity prevents cancer

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  A search 
   
Road Traffic Accidents http://www.who.int/world-health-day/2004/infomaterials/world_report/en/
  http://www.who.int/world-health-day/2004/infomaterials/world_report/en/main_messages_en.pdf
  Reducing speeds by 10 mph would reduce accidents by 50% http://www.who.int/world-health-day/
2004/infomaterials/world_report/en/speed_en.pdf
   
Crime and anti-social behaviour               Crime costs the UK £60b/year, so Birmingham's costs will be about £1b/year,
http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/CrimeAudit5.pdf.
  Anti-social behaviour is reduced by sport and physical activity: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  Exercise and sport reduce anti-social behaviour 27-75% http://www.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2003/aic/rpp49.pdf & here http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti249.pdf
  Birmingham has twice the average crime http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/
shared/spl/hi/uk/02/cracking_crime/my_area/results/html/cn.stm
  Crime rates are much lower in Holland, where cycling is far more popular http://www.justitie.nl/english/press/press_
releases/archive/archive_2004/121004Dutch_Cabinet_safer_place.asp
  Organised sport is inversely related to substance abuse
  Leisure activities and adolescent antisocial behavior:
the role of structure and social context.
 

Catalano, R.F., Arthur, M.W., Hawkins, J.D., Berhund, L. & Olson, J.J. 1998, "Comprehensive community- and school-based interventions to prevent antisocial behaviour", in R. Loeber & D.P. Farrington (eds), Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders Risk Factors and Successful Interventions , Sage Publications, California.

Collis, M. & Griffin, M. 1993, "Developing a course for young offenders", Youth Studies Australia , vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 25-8.

Crabbe, T. 2000, "A sporting chance? Using sport to tackle drug use and crime", Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy , vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 381-91.

Danish, S.J. & Nellen, V.C. 1997, "New roles for sport psychologists: Teaching life skills through sport to at-risk youth", Quest , vol. 49, pp. 100-13.

Felson, M. 1998, Crime and Everyday Life , Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, California.

Loeber, R. & Farrington, D.P. 1998, "Executive summary", in R. Loeber & D.P. Farrington (eds), Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders Risk Factors and Successful Interventions , Sage Publications, California.

Mason, G. & Wilson, P. 1988, Sport, Recreation and Juvenile Crime: An Assessment of the Impact of Sport and Recreation upon Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Youth Offenders , Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.

Mears, D.P. & Field, S.H. 2002, "A closer look at the age, peers and delinquency relationship", Western Criminology Review , vol. 4, no. 1, http://wcr.sonoma.edu/v4n1/mears.html .

Morris, L., Sallybanks, J. & Willis, K. 2003, Sport, Physical Activity and Antisocial Behaviour in Youth , Research and Public Policy Series, no. 49, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.

Novick, M. & Glasgow, A. 1993, "Shaftesbury Youth Program: A model for early intervention", Youth Studies Australia , vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 29-30.

Reid, I., Tremblay, M., Pelletier, R. & MacKay, S. 1994, Canadian Youth: Does Activity Reduce Risk? An Analysis of the Impact and Benefits of Physical Activity/Recreation on Canadian Youth-at-risk , joint initiative of the Inter-Provincial Sport and Recreation Council, the Fitness Directorate of Health Canada, and the Canadian Parks/Recreation Association.

Education If 25% cycle regularly ,there http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti249.pdf
  Health behaviours predictors of educational level in adulthood http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/  & http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  Exercise, good health, and educational level are all linked http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Sport

Continuous exercise near the workplace is needed

Darlison and Associates Pty Ltd 2000, Final Report: Evaluation of the Youth in Sport Programme , presented to the SPORT Committee.

Ryckman, R.M. & Hamel, J. 1995, "Male and female adolescents' motives related to involvement in organised team sports", International Journal of Sports Psychology , vol. 26, pp. 383-97.

Siegenthaler, K.L. & Gonzalez, G.L. 1997, "Youth sports as serious leisure", Journal of Sport and Social Issues , vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 298-314.

Svoboda, B. 1995, "Scientific review part 1", in I. Vuori, P. Fentem, B. Svoboda, G. Patriksson, W. Andreff & W. Weber, The Significance of Sport for Society: Health, Socialisation, Economy , Council of Europe Press, Strasbourg.

Ykema, F. 2002, The Rock and Water Programme: A Psycho-physical Method that Does Boys Justice: A Summary , Sociaal Pedagogische Hulpverlening (Socio-Pedagogical Assistance), Rotterdam.

 

Leisure-time versus full-day energy expenditure: a cross-sectional study of sedentarism in a Portuguese urban population.

A search

Mental Health Depression is prevented by regular exercise
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ,  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /,  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  exercise produces a 50% improvement in mental health http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  by 45% http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  physical exercise improves self-efficacy (this is an indirect measure of mental health/substance abuse etc)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  http://www.countrysiderecreation.org.uk/CRN%20exec%20summary.pdf
Drug Use

Physical exercise reduces problem behaviour http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  Reduction is about 30% http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti249.pdf in those that exercise, so a 25% increase in cycling would reduce drug use by 7.5%
  Sport and unhealthy lifestyle http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/  &
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  smoke more, exercise less:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/  & http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  Sport improves health
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/  & http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Collingwood, T.R., Reynolds, R., Jester, B. & Debord, D. 1992, "Enlisting physical education for the war on drugs", Journal of Physical Education and Research Development , vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 25-8.
 
Ethnicity Some ethnic groups exercise little (for instance few Asian women cycle in Birmingham..leading to poor health) and should be targeted http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
   
Women

Oman, R.F. & Duncan, T.E. 1995, "Women and exercise: An investigation of the roles of social support, self-efficacy and hardiness", Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition and Health , pp. 306-15.

Young girls exercise least

Cities Far more people walk in Paris than most cities...their health is better
A new way to compare health systems: avoidable
hospital conditions in Manhattan and paris
  Lifestyle correlates of anthropometric estimates of body
adiposity in an Italian middle-aged and elderly population: a covariance analysis.
  The DFT think cycling should be increased
(even if they do not provide the incentives)
  Many commuities round the world are trying to
increase their cycling and walking rates, and reduce car use
  The EU is committed to act...why is Bham lagging behind?
http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_determinants/life_
style/nutrition/platform/platform_en.htm
  Coalter, F., Allison, M. & Taylor, J. 2000, The Role of Sport in Regenerating Deprived Urban Areas , The Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, Edinburgh.
  Socioeconomic differences in leisure-time physical activity: the role of social participation and social capital in shaping health related behaviour.

Programs must be realistic

Realistic timetable for programs

Changes in the environment are needed

European Union... There is a growing evidence base to support changes to the environment which stimulate activity, such as building cycle lanes and walking trails, and improving the quality of parks and green space.

McCarthy M. Transport and health. In: Marmot M, Wilkinson R, eds. Social determinants of health . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

A different route to health: implications of transport policies BMJ 1999

Cycling and Health Promotion BMJ 2000